A deck provides a space for entertaining friends, watching the sunset or enjoying a book with quiet solitude. Its versatility and multipurpose nature require careful planning to ensure the proper structure.

Home improvement books and TV shows recommend plotting footing locations with batter boards and string. However, it’s faster and more comprehensive to build a layout frame from joists or deck boards. For professional help, contact Deck Builder Stafford.

A solid foundation is essential for any structure, and decks are no exception. The footings for a deck must be strong enough to support the weight of materials and people, as well as to protect the structure from ground shifts over time.

A variety of different types of footings are available, each with its own pros and cons. Poured concrete footings are a traditional and widely used option. They involve digging holes to a specified depth (below the frost line) and filling them with concrete. Concrete is extremely strong and stable, making it ideal for supporting heavy structures.

Another common type of footing is a pier and footing. This method uses a pier that extends below the ground and is supported by a footing that sits on top of it. This type of footing is relatively easy for a professional to install and provides good stability, but it is not as durable as other options.

A newer footing is the screw pile, also known as a helical pile. This type of footing is driven into the ground using hydraulic machinery. It is suitable in difficult soils, but requires specialized equipment and a professional to install. If you’re considering using this type of footing for your deck, be sure to discuss it with your building regulatory group before getting started. They may not be allowed in your area, or they may require special permit requirements.

Beams

Beams, also known as girders, are the horizontal pieces of lumber that support your deck. The size of the beam is determined by the height of the deck and the spacing between joists. For example, if you’re building a low deck that’s six feet or less off the ground, it’s usually recommended to space beams at 12 inches apart.

If you’re building a taller deck, it may be necessary to install beams closer together. In addition, the length of the deck and your location will determine whether you need to install bracing. For this reason, it’s best to consult your local building department for advice on the deck’s design and footing depths.

Decks built from pressure-treated wood are typically supported by a system of posts and beams. The posts, which are attached to the footings, elevate the deck floor and help strengthen it against movement due to weather conditions or shifting soil.

To build a deck, you’ll need 2 x 6s through 4 x 10s for the beams and joists, depending on how high you plan to build your deck. The joists are then attached to the beams with joist hangers.

The ledger is a piece of pressure-treated lumber that connects the posts to your house and supports the joists, which in turn support the subflooring. Historically, builders used massive timbers, such as 4x6s or 4x8s, for beams, but the use of smaller timbers can be easier to handle. Larger timbers can rot in some environments, so it’s a good idea to use treated wood for all parts of your deck.

Some designers are using a demountable composite construction system, which uses shear studs bolted to the flange of the beam. This eliminates the need to drill through concrete to attach services such as cable trays, pipes, and false ceilings, which can be dangerous. Some beams have re-entrant slots into which proprietary wedges can be inserted to receive threaded rods for these purposes.

Joists

The joists are the repeated boards that create the frame for the decking. They run perpendicular to the building and are fastened with galvanised joist hangers. You may also need to add a wood treatment or joist tape to protect the cut ends of the lumber from moisture damage and to minimise sound transmission between joists.

The standard spacing for joists is 16 inches on center but this varies with the type of decking you are using and your local codes or installation instructions. You may need to use a higher calibre timber to allow your joists to span a greater distance, especially in colder regions where frost heave is an issue.

When installing the joists, you will need to ensure that they are level. To do this, run a string across the frame during construction. If the string shows that one joist is higher than the others, you can either replace the joist or shim it up to bring it into line with the rest of the frame.

To prevent sagging, it is a good idea to install the joists at least 4 or 5 feet below ground level. This will help prevent frost heave from raising the deck in winter, which can cause the frame to sag and leave gaps for water to enter and damage the structure.

It is recommended to use a decking screw rather than nails to secure the joists as these are more durable and won’t enlarge through expansion and contraction of the timber caused by wetting and drying. It is also best to use structural screws that are made of a corrosion resistant material, as these will provide a stronger connection than nails. Remember to fill all nail holes with the appropriate screw as not doing so can compromise the stability, longevity and safety of your deck.

Piers or Posts

Depending on the design of your deck and soil conditions, you may decide to use either piers or posts for the foundation of your deck. This is a crucial step in deck building, as the type of foundation can impact the stability and longevity of your structure. In general, piers are more cost-effective and easier to install than footings, but they may not be suitable for all applications. Before deciding to use piers, homeowners should carefully consider the design of their deck and the soil conditions on their property to ensure compliance with local codes and safety requirements.

Concrete piers are typically a good choice for large decks that require more support than what is provided by the soil. They are typically poured on-site, which can be time-consuming and labor-intensive. This method of foundation also has the disadvantage of concentrating the load on a smaller area, which can lead to structural problems over time.

One alternative to concrete piers is using pre-formed pier blocks. These pre-formed piers are typically made of concrete or plastic and are a much faster and simpler installation option than digging and pouring traditional footings. Pier blocks are also less expensive than concrete piers, but they can still add to the overall cost of your deck build.

Another option for deck foundations is a strip footing. This method requires a narrow strip of concrete that is poured on site, which can be more efficient than digging and pouring individual piers. However, this method can be problematic in areas with changing soil conditions and can increase the amount of maintenance required for the structure. In addition, this foundation method can be difficult to install on sloping ground.

Railings

Railings provide safety and a finished look to your deck. They can be built from wood, metal, or composite materials and are available in a wide variety of styles. It is important to determine code requirements, choose your material, and create a layout when planning for the installation of a new railing system. Often, permits are required for the installation of decks and their railings.

The first step in determining what type of railing to install is deciding how high you want the rails to be. This can be determined by a number of factors, including code requirements and the height of your home or other buildings. Once the height is determined, it is important to measure and mark the location of the bottom of the rail posts. This will ensure that the bottom rails are installed at the correct height and will not sag between posts.

Another factor to consider when choosing a railing material is the cost. Wood can be a very cost effective option, but some prefer the strength and durability of metal or composite materials. It is also possible to purchase pre-fabricated railing systems that are very cost effective and easy to install.

Several pieces of hardware are required when building a deck, such as hurricane ties and joist hangers. These are used to connect joists and help with load distribution. In cold climates, a ledger board is also needed to prevent frost heave and allow for proper support of the joists and noggins. A fascia is also required, which conceals the understructure of the deck with more attractive material.

Regular inspections are important to keep a deck looking and functioning its best. Look for cracks around fasteners, a dingy appearance or signs of rot.

Clear out debris (leaves, twigs, dirt) from the gaps between boards to prevent mold and mildew. Establish a cleaning schedule and stick to it.

A well-maintained deck can extend the living space of your home and increase its value. But a deck is more exposed to the elements than any room inside your house, which means it needs year-round attention to keep it safe and attractive. Regular cleaning, resealing, and replacing worn boards can extend the life of your deck significantly.

Deck inspections help catch problems before they get worse. A professional inspector knows the nuances of wood species, the appropriate deck loads, and proper construction techniques. They can also evaluate areas of the structure, such as stairs and railings, for safety and security issues.

Examine the Deck Boards

Start with a close-up look at all the deck boards to be sure they are free from discoloration, warping, and damage such as splinters. Look for small holes that might indicate a termite or insect infestation, as well. Make sure all the deck boards are securely fastened, and that there are no loose or rotted ones. If a board feels soft and spongy, or is dark in color, it may be rotted. Use a screwdriver to pry up a small piece of the board and check for splinters. If the wood is rotted, it needs to be replaced.

Next, examine the ledger board, which attaches the deck to your house. This is one of the most common locations for rot. Look for rotting or loose sections of the board, and for flashing that has been installed incorrectly. Properly-installed flashing creates a barrier against moisture and precipitation, but improper installation allows water to seep into cracks and crevices where it shouldn’t be.

Finally, check the connections of all the railings and stairs to be sure they are secure. For example, stair risers and stringers are sometimes attached with nails or screws that can come loose over time. If a nail or screw is loose, strike it with a hammer to be sure the connection is tight. If it isn’t, replace the fastener. Also, check for signs of rust or corrosion on all fasteners and anchors.

Cleaning

Decks require a good cleaning every year or so. This is particularly important for uncovered wood decks, since debris can stain and rot the wooden planks. It is also a good time to inspect the deck for soft or splintered spots and loose nails or deck attachments. Promptly fixing these problems will help prevent them from getting worse and creating a hazard for people walking on the deck.

During the cleaning process, a biodegradable outdoor cleaner that removes mildew should be applied. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions to ensure that the product is applied correctly and that it has adequate time to work. If a power washer is used, it must be operated carefully to avoid damaging the wood. Be sure to point the spray away from people and windows, and to use the lowest pressure that effectively cleans the deck surface.

Aside from standard debris, the wood in a deck is susceptible to fungi like mold and mildew that can quickly become serious problems. Regular cleaning and inspections can keep these fungi under control, but if they do begin to grow, a good power washing may be needed.

Power washing allows for a deep clean that scrubs and rinses the deck to eliminate all traces of fungi. It can also be used to remove dirt and grime that a broom or scrub brush cannot reach. A power washer can be used on the railings as well, but care must be taken to avoid damage. If a power washer is used, the tips should be kept close to the wood to prevent gouging and splintering.

Before you start your cleaning, make sure the deck is clear of toys, furniture and other items that can get in the way during the process. Also, trim any nearby plants that are growing too close to the deck. The thorns and roots of these plants can scratch or splinter the deck planks. Finally, be sure to remove any rugs or mats made of natural materials, as these tend to absorb moisture and promote mildew growth. Instead, opt for plastic or recycled rugs that do not trap water and will resist fungi.

Sealing

Sealing is an essential part of deck maintenance that helps protect the wood from damage and deterioration. It can prevent water from seeping into the wood which can lead to rot and mildew. It also provides a layer of protection against dirt, dust, and other debris that can scratch or mark the surface. Keeping the deck properly sealed will also help maintain its color and luster.

Before applying any type of stain or sealer, be sure that the wood is completely dry. You can test the moisture content with a simple moisture meter. If the wood is wet, you should wait a few days before sealing.

During this time, you should also inspect the deck for repairs. Loose boards, nails that have worked loose, and other defects should be fixed before proceeding to staining or sealing. Cover any plants or furnishings on the deck with plastic sheets before starting to avoid getting stain or sealer on them. It’s also a good idea to protect any surfaces beneath the deck that you don’t want to get stained or sealed, such as grass or concrete.

When it comes to stains, choose oil-based products rather than water-based. These will provide better protection and will last longer. You should always follow the manufacturer’s instructions for application, which may include a primer and multiple coats of stain or sealant.

It’s important to apply the stain evenly for a consistent look. A roller, sprayer, or brush can be used for this. Be sure to work in a well-ventilated area and wear a mask when working with chemicals or cleaners.

After the stain has dried, you should remove any painter’s tape and return any furnishings to their original location. Stain takes 24 hours to dry, so be sure to give yourself a full day before walking on the deck. You can also try to stain the deck on a cloudy or overcast day to prevent direct sunlight from damaging the finish.

Many of the newer deck stain and sealant products contain an anti-microbial ingredient. These aren’t necessary for a basic sealant, which only keeps the water out, but they add an extra layer of protection against mold, mildew, and other microbes.

Repairing

Decks take a beating from the elements, and it’s normal for them to show signs of wear and tear. However, it’s important to note the difference between minor damage and structural problems.

Structural issues are the most serious, and they require a professional’s attention. This includes a thorough inspection of the railings and stairs for safety. If the structure is sound, the homeowner can focus on cosmetic improvements such as misters or built-in benches. Homeowners may also want to consider adding features that increase the functionality of the deck, such as a kitchen or pergola.

Aside from assessing the structure’s integrity, homeowners should look for signs of insect infestation and wood rot. Insects can degrade wooden surfaces, and rot is a common problem with older decks. If left unchecked, rot can spread and ruin the integrity of the entire deck.

To check for rot, walk around the deck and examine the area where it connects to your house. Using a flashlight, you can peer beneath the surface of your deck to see if there’s standing water or any deterioration in the metal flashing. Then, you can use a screwdriver to probe joists and posts for signs of decay. If the wood feels soft or spongy, it needs to be replaced.

Inspect the deck surface for loose boards or splinters, and address them immediately to prevent further damage. Loose fasteners are a safety hazard and can cause injuries if someone falls over them. Protruding nails or screws are another safety hazard that can snag on clothing and hurt bare feet.

Keeping up with routine cleaning and sealing is the best way to protect your deck from moisture and sun damage. By doing so, you can extend the life of your deck and add years of enjoyment to your home. If you don’t have the time to perform these tasks yourself, you can find local carpenters who specialize in deck repairs. They can perform cleaning, staining and sealing services. You can also ask them to make other cosmetic improvements, such as refinishing or building new stairs and railings.